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    英文筆記

    Ch2 動詞時態

    • 2018-06-27 12:35:46
    • 781
    • 英文
    • Tetsuhiko
    • 重點1 現在簡單式
      1. 現在的事實狀態、狀態或動作。
      2. 習慣。
      3. 真理、格言和不變的事實。

      例句：
      • Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
      • He gets up at six o'clock every morning.
      • The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
      • Where there is a will, there is a way.
        (有志者，事竟成)
      • The Earth moves around the Sun.

      開竅要訣
      1. 表「習慣性動作」，常與下列副詞連用。
        (1) every + 時間名詞
        (2) always / usually
        (3) often / sometimes
        (4) seldom / never
      2. 第三人稱動詞加s或es，但字尾是「子音+y」時，去y加ies；字尾是「母音+y」時，直接加s。
        (1) wash → washes
        (2) study → studies
        (3) enjoy → enjoys
        (4) watch → watches
        (5) fix → fixes
        (6) hurry → hurries
        (7) pass → passes
        (8) pay → pays
    • 重點2 現在進行式
      1. 說話時正在進行的動作。
      2. 常和時間副詞（now, at present, at the moment）連用。
      3. Look! 和 Listen! 後面接現在進行式。

      例句：
      • I need an umbrella because it is raining.
      • He is writing a letter at present.
      • Look! Many birds are flying in the sky.

      開竅要訣
      1. 以下動詞一般不用進行式：（主要是內心意識而無外在動作，故不用進行式）
        (1) 存在動詞：be, exist, own, have, belong, possess, ...
        (2) 知覺動詞：hear, see, taste, smell, look, sound, ...
        (3) 認知動詞：know, think, believe, understand, remember, ...
        (4) 情感動詞：love, hate, like, prefer, want, ...
      2. 現在簡單式與現在進行式之比較：
        (1) The Earth moves around the Sun. / The leaves are moving in the wind and rain.
        (2) He teaches English in the school. / He is teaching English in the next room.
      3. 現在進行式與 always, constantly 等字連用時，表「經常反覆的動作」。
        (1) New and surprising things are always happening.
        (2) She is constantly changing her mind.
      4. 表「來往」的動詞（如：go, come, start, leave, stay, arrive, ...）若與未來時間連用，可用現在進行式，表「預定或即將發生的事」。
        (1) Tom is leaving Taipei tomorrow morning.
        (2) Sam is coming to our school next week.
    • 重點3 現在完成式／現在完成進行式
      1. 表「完成」：到現在已完成的動作。
      2. 表「繼續」：從過去持續到現在的動作或狀態。
      3. 表「經驗」：到目前為止的經驗。

      例句：
      • I have already seen that movie.
      • In recent years, there have been many changes here.
      • My father has been to Japan several times.
      • I have lived here for ten years.
      • She has been ill since Monday.

      開竅要訣
      1. 剛完成的動作常和以下副詞連用：
        (1) just
        (2) recently (= lately)
        (3) already
        (4) so far (= up to now)
        (5) yet

        例句
        • He has written three books so far.
      2. 表經驗常和以下副詞連用：
        (1) never
        (2) ever
        (3) once
        (4) ~times
        (5) How many times ... ?

        例句
        • I have been to New York.
          (我曾去過紐約)
        • Sam has gone to New York.
          (山姆已經去紐約了)
      3. 表從過去持續到現在的動作或狀態，常和 for, since 連用：
        (1) for + 一段時間 （已持續多久 時間）
        (2) for the last + 時間 （過去 一段時間 以來）
        (3) since + ... （自從…）
        (4) It is / It has been + 一段時間 + since ... （自從…已經有 一段時間 了）

        例句
        • It is (= has been) three years since I saw him last time.
      4. 現在完成進行式主要強調說話時「動作還在持續當中」。
        • A: How long has it been raining?
          B: It has been raining for two hours.
        • Tom has been learning English since elementary school.
    • 重點4 以現在式代替未來式
      1. 在副詞子句中，以現在簡單式代替未來簡單式。
      2. 在副詞子句中，以現在完成式代替未來完成式。
      3. 這些副詞子句以表「時間」或「條件」為主，通常由下列連接詞引導：
        when, before, after, as soon as, until, if, ...
      4. 若 when 及 if 所引導的是「名詞子句」，依然用未來式。

      例句：
      • Sam will come soon. When he comes, we will see him.
      • Hurry up! If we don't hurry, we'll be late.
      • We shall see a movie after we have finished / finish our homework.

      • Tell me when he will arrive.
      • I don't know if he will come.
    • 重點5 過去簡單式
      1. 過去的事情、狀態或動作。
      2. 過去的習慣。
      3. 過去一連串的動作。

      例句：
      • John went to Tainan yesterday.
      • Bill was very thin when he was a child.
      • He gave up smoking three years ago.
      • They walked into the restaurant, sat down, and had their lunch.

      開竅要訣
      1. 出現下列副詞時，動詞用「過去簡單式」：
        (1) 一段時間 + ago
        (2) last night, last week, last month, last year
        (3) yesterday, the day before yesterday
        (4) the other day (= a few days ago)
        (5) this morning
        (6) just now

        例句
        • I drank some milk just now.
      2. 可用「used to + VR」表「過去習慣這麼做，但現在已經不這麼做了」：

        例句
        • I used to like fat meat, but now I don't like it any more.
    • 重點6 過去進行式
      1. 過去某段時間正在進行的動作。
      2. 過去某一動作發生時，另一個動作正在進行。

      例句：
      • I was watching TV at eight o'clock last night.
      • He was writing a letter when the telephone rang.

      開竅要訣
      1. 過去的兩個動作，較早發生的用過去進行式、較晚發生的則用過去簡單式：

        例句
        • When I arrived, he was sleeping.
      2. while 所引導的子句，常與過去進行式連用：

        例句
        • While I was walking down the street, it began to rain.
      3. 過去的兩個動作，若同時發生則兩者皆用過去進行式：

        例句
        • While I was studying, he was singing.
    • 重點7 過去完成式／過去完成進行式
      1. 過去某個動作或時間之前就已經完成的動作或事情。
      2. 過去兩個動作發生時，先發生的用過去完成式、後發生的則用過去簡單式。
      3. 某事在另一件事發生之前已經持續一段時間用「過去完成進行式」。

      例句：
      • The game had already begun when we arrived.
      • He said he had met me three years before.
      • We had been living in Kaohsiung before we moved to Taipei.

      開竅要訣
      • 試比較下列用法：
        • He was calling you when I got there.
          當我到那裡時，他正打電話給你。
        • He had already called you when I got there.
          當我到那裡時，他已打電話給你了。
        • He had been calling you when I got there.
          當我到那裡時，他已經在打電話給你了。
    • 重點8 未來簡單式／未來進行式
      1. 未來簡單式：表將要發生的事。
      2. 未來進行式：表未來一段時間內將要進行的動作。

      例句：
      • I will go to the movies with my classmate tonight.
      • John will give you a letter when he sees you.
      • Sam will be sleeping when we go home.
      • At eleven o'clock tomorrow, Jane will be in her office. She will be working.

      開竅要訣
      1. 未來簡單式除可用「will + VR」，也可以用「be going to + VR」的形式表示：

        例句
        • He will succeed because he works hard. = He is going to succeed because he works hard.
      2. 未來式常與下列時間副詞連用：
        (1) tomorrow
        (2) the day after tomorrow
        (3) in + 一段時間
        (4) tonight
        (5) next week, next month, next year
    • 重點9 未來完成式／未來完成進行式
      1. 未來完成式：表到未來某個時間為止會完成的動作。
      2. 未來完成進行式：除上述條件之外，如果此動作將繼續的話，則用「未來完成進行式」。

      例句：
      • By the time you get back, I will have finished the work.
      • By next year they will have been married for twenty-five years.
      • I will have finished the book when you come next time.

      開竅要訣
      1. 未來完成式常以下列句型表示：
        {By + 未來時間, }S + will have + p.p.
        When + S + VR,

        例句
        • When you come at midnight, I will have been sleeping for two hours.
      2. 「未來完成進行式」比起 未來完成式 更強調了動作的持續性：

        例句
        • If it doesn't stop raining tomorrow, it will have been raining for a week.
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